Central Bank
The primary monetary authority of a country, responsible for issuing currency, managing monetary policy, maintaining financial stability, regulating the banking sector, and acting as lender of last resort. In Saudi Arabia, this is the Saudi Central Bank (SAMA).
Fixed-Income Securities
These are fixed-income securities — specifically bonds and treasury bills — all of which guarantee a fixed interest-based return, with the principal repaid at maturity.
Dual Eligibility (Dual Qualification)
A status in which an investor or institution meets the eligibility criteria for participation in two separate regulatory categories, markets, or programmes simultaneously.
Current Assets
Assets that are expected to be converted into cash, sold, or consumed within one year or within the normal operating cycle of the business. Includes cash, receivables, and inventory.
Hidden Assets (Undisclosed Assets)
Assets that exist on a company’s books but are not fully reflected in its publicly disclosed financial statements, either due to conservative accounting practices or deliberate concealment.
Capital Assets
Long-term assets used in the production of goods or services and not intended for sale in the ordinary course of business. Examples include property, plant, equipment, and intangible assets.
Fixed Assets (Non-Current Assets)
Long-term assets held for use in the entity’s operations and not intended for sale in the ordinary course of business. Also referred to as property, plant, and equipment (PP&E).
Assets
Everything owned by individuals, companies, or institutions that has value, whether tangible such as cash, equipment, buildings, and machinery, or intangible such as goodwill or a trademark.
Authorised Persons (Licensed Persons)
Individuals and institutions licensed by the Saudi Capital Market Authority (CMA) to conduct capital market activities, including dealing in securities, managing investments, providing financial advice, and operating exchanges.
Semi-Strong Efficient Markets
Markets in which prices fully reflect all publicly available information. Under the Semi-Strong Form of the EMH, fundamental analysis cannot consistently generate abnormal returns.