Financial Analysis
The evaluation of a company’s financial health and performance using financial statements and related data, including profitability, liquidity, leverage, and efficiency ratios.
Quantitative Analysis
The application of mathematical and statistical models, algorithms, and computational methods to evaluate financial instruments, portfolios, and markets.
Technical Analysis
A method of forecasting the future price movements of securities by analysing historical market data — primarily price and trading volume — to identify trends and patterns using charts and statistical indicators.
Fundamental Analysis
A method of evaluating a security’s intrinsic value by analysing related economic, financial, and qualitative factors, including a company’s earnings, balance sheet, management quality, competitive position, and macroeconomic environment.
Investigation (Market Investigation)
A formal inquiry conducted by a regulatory authority — such as the CMA — into suspected violations of market rules, including insider trading, market manipulation, or fraudulent activities.
Qualification (Audit Qualification)
A statement by an external auditor expressing reservations about specific aspects of a company’s financial statements, without issuing an adverse opinion. A qualified opinion indicates that except for certain identified matters, the financial statements present a true and fair view.
Cash Collateral
Cash deposited by a party as security or margin to cover potential losses on a financial transaction, ensuring the other party against counterparty credit risk.
Confirmation (Trade Confirmation)
An official written or electronic notification sent to a client confirming the details of an executed trade, including the security traded, quantity, price, settlement date, and total consideration.
Short Selling
The practice of borrowing securities and selling them in the expectation that their price will fall, enabling the short seller to buy them back at a lower price and return them to the lender, profiting from the price decline.
Commercial Banks
Financial institutions that accept deposits from the public, provide lending and credit facilities, and offer a broad range of financial services to individuals, businesses, and institutions.