Limited offers
These are offers in which the buyer directs the offer to a group of shareholders (not all of them).
Forced Liquidation (Margin Call Liquidation)
The compulsory sale of an investor’s assets or securities by a broker or lender when the investor fails to meet a margin call or maintain the required collateral level, to recover funds owed.
Remuneration / Compensation
The total financial and non-financial rewards paid to employees, executives, or directors for their services, including base salary, performance bonuses, stock options, and benefits.
Clearing House Statement
An official document issued by a clearing house to its members, summarising net obligations, margins, and settled positions arising from securities or derivatives transactions.
Book Building
A price discovery process used in initial public offerings (IPOs) and other securities issuances, in which the underwriter or lead manager collects and records investor demand and bids at various prices to determine the final offering price.
Consolidated Income Statement
A financial statement combining the revenue, expenses, and net income of a parent company and its subsidiaries, presented as a single unified report.
Investment Banks
Financial institutions that specialise in raising capital for corporations and governments, facilitating mergers and acquisitions, underwriting securities issuances, and providing advisory and trading services.
Issuance Programme (Debt Issuance Programme)
A formal framework that allows an issuer to raise funds repeatedly over time by issuing multiple series of securities (typically bonds or sukuk) under a single set of established documentation, without needing to file separate prospectuses for each issuance.
Liquidator
A licensed professional appointed to oversee the formal process of winding up a company or fund, including the realisation of assets, settlement of liabilities, and distribution of remaining proceeds to creditors and shareholders.
Liquidity ratios
The ability of an investment to be converted into cash. These ratios indicate the extent to which current assets can cover or meet current liabilities.