Self-Financing (Internal Financing)
The use of a company’s own internally generated funds — such as retained earnings or cash flow from operations — to finance investment and growth, without resorting to external debt or equity.
Equity Crowd-funding
A crowdfunding model in which investors receive equity shares (or ownership stakes) in a company in exchange for their financial contribution.
Debt Crowd-funding (Peer-to-Peer Lending)
A crowd-funding model in which investors provide loans to borrowers through an online platform, receiving repayment with interest (or a profit margin under Islamic finance structures).
Crowd-funding
A method of raising capital by collecting small contributions from a large number of individuals, typically through an online platform. Crowdfunding may be equity-based, debt-based, or reward-based.
Market Manipulation
The illegal practice of artificially inflating or deflating the price of a security through deceptive or abusive practices, such as wash trading, spreading false information, or coordinated buying and selling.
Finance Cost (in Accounting)
These are the actual cash amounts spent on the production inputs used to produce specific quantities of a particular product.
Valuation
The analytical process of determining the present or fair value of an asset, security, company, or financial instrument, using methodologies appropriate to the asset type and purpose of the valuation.
Annual Report
A comprehensive document published each year by a company or fund, summarising its financial performance, strategic direction, governance practices, and audited financial statements for the fiscal year.
Free Float
The proportion of a company’s total shares that are freely available for public trading on a stock exchange, excluding shares held by controlling shareholders, strategic investors, and government entities that are not regularly traded.
Instructions (Trading Instructions / Regulatory Instructions)
Formal directives issued by a regulatory authority prescribing conduct, procedures, or requirements applicable to licensed entities and market participants.